Rio 2016: Boos or boost for Brazil?
Rio Games hardly back Brazilian President's claim that country will become 'first-class'
As the Olympic hoardings are taken down in Rio de Janeiro and the carnival atmosphere subsides, there is relief that cash-strapped Brazil avoided making a mess of the Games.
But there is also a nagging suspicion it did not make the most of them either.
Brazil overcame fears over the Zika virus, a painful recession that left government coffers bare, and the suspension of its President just three months before the opening ceremony of the first Games in South America.
Two years ago, a senior member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) warned that Brazil's preparations were the worst he had seen. Yet a last-minute scramble meant that venues and a new metro line to the Olympic Park were ready in time.
Security fears, which prompted the deployment of 85,000 police and security staff for the Games, were also proven wrong - there were no major attacks of the kind seen recently in Europe.
Yet, in terms of the long-term benefits to residents and the image of Rio to the outside world, the Games could have been so much more.
"If we're content to call the absence of catastrophe an Olympic success, then I suppose it was a success but, if that is the case, we are setting the bar too low," said Jules Boykoff, a professor at Pacific University in Oregon and author of a book on the political history of the Games.
"From the point of view of the lives of ordinary people in Rio, it was not a successful Games. It was a massively missed opportunity."
In 2009, when a triumphant Brazil won the right to host the Games by a landslide at an IOC meeting in Copenhagen, a tearful President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva said it would seal Brazil's entry into the club of "first-class" nations.
"The world has recognised that the time has come for Brazil!" Lula said, predicting the Games would showcase the nation's improved governance and booming economic growth.
Seven years later, the Games arrived at just the wrong moment for Brazil. Its economy has been ravaged by a commodities collapse, while a corruption scandal has ensnared the construction firms building infrastructure for the Games and swept Lula's leftist Workers Party from power.
The run-up to the Games, an unrivalled moment to showcase Brazil's most picturesque city, was dominated instead by headlines over the impeachment of Lula's successor, Dilma Rousseff, the spread of Zika, and resurgent crime levels in the city's slums due to rising unemployment and under-funded police.
ISSUES
The enduring images of the Games will be not just the great sporting achievements - from US swimmer Michael Phelps' 28th Olympic medal to Usain Bolt's historic sprint "triple-triple" - but also the organisational problems, empty seats and crime.
"The country put its image at risk in bidding for the Games and the risk did not work out because it became brutally obvious Brazil has not resolved its problems," said Christopher Gaffney, an Olympic expert and geographer at the University of Zurich, who lived in Rio until last year.
Rio's mayor Eduardo Paes accepts that, while progress was made, the Games fell far short of their target in tackling environmental issues like water pollution.
Roughly half the city's sewage still flows untreated into Guanabara bay.
A Reuters study showed that pledges on reducing air pollution were also missed.
Campaigners railed against the relocation of tens of thousands of people to build infrastructure for the Games.
The decision to focus new transportation routes on the wealthier Western districts, where the Olympic Park was built, meant they would do little to curb the long daily commutes of the poor from Rio's sprawling northern slums.
The sight of the Maracana Stadium brightly illuminated for the closing ceremony, while a power cut plunged neighbouring streets into darkness epitomised the lopsided benefits of the games.
HIGHER TARIFF
Local media has reported that electricity tariffs will need to be raised to cover the cost of lighting the Games.
One major uncertainty is the size of the final bill for the Games, in the midst of the country's deepest economic recession since the 1930s.
The government has already said it will need to put in more public money to balance the books, yet it is resisting calls to make the Games' accounts public.
Many observers expect the official US$12 billion ($16b) price tag to be exceeded.
For many in Brazil, the Games will be remembered as a success for one moment - when footballer Neymar clinched the gold medal with the final penalty of the match against Germany.
Yet residents like Luciana Cabral, a 25-year-old advertising student, said the Games appeared to have done little to improve the everyday life of ordinary people in Rio.
"On top of that, we still don't know what the real cost of the infrastructure will be, so we have to wait and see," she said.
"I don't want to say the whole thing was a failure, but there were a lot of things that weren't done well." - Reuters.
From the point of view of the lives of ordinary people in Rio, it was not a successful Games.
— Jules Boykoff, a professor at Pacific University
Get The New Paper on your phone with the free TNP app. Download from the Apple App Store or Google Play Store now